ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø

HomeInternational Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Researchvol. 6 no. 8 (2025)

The Professional and Personal Development of Private and Public Senior High School Teachers

Erickson T. Eugenio

Discipline: education and teaching

 

Abstract:

This study examined the professional and personal development of pri-vate and public senior high school teachers in Jones, Isabela, Philippines. Using a descriptive survey design, 60 teachers completed question-naires assessing their demographic profiles, 21st-century competen-cies, and personal and professional capabilities. The results showed high proficiency across most areas, with no significant differences between private and public school teachers. Educational attainment positively impacted professional capabilities. Teachers demonstrated strong skills in classroom management, communication, and creating a respectful learning environment. However, areas for improvement include sup-porting learners and adapting to technological changes. These findings highlight the importance of ongoing professional development to en-hance teaching practices and student outcomes. Key implications in-clude the need for collaborative learning experiences, technology inte-gration, and curriculum design that incorporates real-world applica-tions. The recommendations emphasize personalized professional de-velopment programs, reassessing assessment methods, and creating in-clusive learning environments. This study contributes to understanding teacher development in the Philippine context, particularly by compar-ing the private and public sectors. This underscores the critical role of teacher motivation and enthusiasm in fostering student engagement. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of professional development initiatives and examine rural-urban disparities in teacher capabilities. Overall, the study advocates for a holistic transformation of educational practices to better equip teachers to meet 21st-century challenges and improve students’ learning experiences.



References:

  1. Abu Dabrh, A. M., Waller, T. A., Bonacci, R. P., Nawaz, A. J., Keith, J. J., Agarwal, A., Mer-feld, J., Nordin, T., Winscott, M. M., Belda, T. E., Murad, M. H., Pantin, S. A. L., Stein-kraus, L. W., Grau, T. J., & Angstman, K. B. (2020). Professionalism and inter-com-munication skills (ICS): a multi-site valid-ity study assessing proficiency in core competencies and milestones in medical learners. BMC Medical Education, 20(1).
  2. Akmal, S., Fitriah, F., & Fadhilah, I. (2022).  The challenges and strategies of Islamic school mentor teachers in implementing ELT les-son  plans.  Studies  in  English  Language and Education, 9(3), 926–947.
  3. Akram,  H.,  &  Li,  S.  (2024).  Understanding  the Role  of  Teacher-Student  Relationships  in Students’  Online  Learning  Engagement: Mediating  Role  of  Academic  Motivation. Perceptual    and    Motor    Skills,    131(4), 1415–1438.
  4. Amanonce, J.-C. T., & Maramag, A. M. (2020). Li-censure examination performance and ac-ademic achievement of teacher education graduates. International Journal of Evalu-ation  and  Research  in  Education  (IJERE), 9(3), 510. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20614
  5. Anselmo, C. T., & Anselmo, M. C. C. (2024). Algo-psychalia   of   Out-of-Field   Teachers:   A Qualitative  Inquiry.American  Journal  of Education    and    Technology,3(3),    1–8.
  6. Anselmo, C. T., & Anselmo, M. C. C. (2024). Algo-psychalia   of   Out-of-Field   Teachers:   A Qualitative  Inquiry.American  Journal  of Education    and    Technology,3(3),    1–8.
  7. Anselmo,   C.,   Gante,   D.,   Aquino,   J.   L., Cabrera, F., Blas, R. B., Ines, M., ... Eufenia, R. (2025). Cultivating 21st-Century Skills: A  Comparative  Study  of  Critical  Thinking Development   Across   Higher   Education Disciplines.Journal    of    Interdisciplinary Perspectives,3(8), 105–113.
  8. 8.Aspelin,  J.,  Jönsson,  A.,  &  Östlund,  D.  (2021). Pre-Service  Special  Educators’  Under-standings     of     Relational     Competence. Frontiers in Education, 6.
  9. Avendano-Uribe, B. E., Perez-Baron, J., & Ojeda-Ramírez,  S.  (2022).  Resourcefulness,  nar-ratives,  and  identity  in  science,  technol-ogy,  engineering,  arts  and  mathematics education:  A  perspective  of  makerspaces for  rural  communities  in  Colombia.  Fron-tiers in Education, 7.
  10. Balta, N., & Eryılmaz, A. (2019). The effect of the ‘teacher-led PD for teachers’ professional development  program  on  students’ achievement:    an    experimental    study. Teacher   Development, 23(5),   588–608.
  11. Balta, N., Eryilmaz, A., & Oliveira, A. W. (2022). Increasing   the   presence   of   Einsteinian physics in high school: the impact of a pro-fessional development program on teacher  knowledge  and  practice. Teacher Development, 26(2), 166–188.
  12. Benvenuti,  M.,  Cangelosi,  A.,  Weinberger,  A., Mazzoni,  E.,  Benassi,  M.,  Barbaresi,  M.,  & Orsoni,  M.  (2023).  Artificial  intelligence and  human  behavioral  development:  A perspective   on   new   skills   and   compe-tences   acquisition   for   the   educational context.  Computers  in  Human  Behavior, 148, 107903.
  13. Blackwell, J., Evans, P., Miksza, P., & Mcpherson, G. E. (2020). Student Vitality, Teacher En-gagement,  and  Rapport  in  Studio  Music Instruction.     Frontiers     in     Psychology, 11(737).
  14. Blömeke,  S.,  Jentsch,  A.,  Ross,  N.,  Kaiser,  G.,  & König, J. (2022). Opening up the black box: Teacher  competence,  instructional  qual-ity,  and  students’  learning  progress. Learning   and   Instruction,   79,   101600.
  15. Brake,  A.  (2019).  Right  from  the  Start:  Critical Classroom Practices for Building Teacher–Student   Trust   in   the   First   10 Weeks of Ninth Grade. The Urban Review, 52(2), 277–298.
  16. Burgess,  T.,  &  Patterson  Williams,  A.  (2022). Utilizing  theory  to  elucidate  the  work  of creating equity for transformation within the  science  classroom. Science  Education, 106(5), 1071–1083.
  17. Call,  K.  (2018).  Professional  Teaching  Stand-ards: A Comparative Analysis of Their His-tory,  Implementation  and  Efficacy.  Aus-tralian    Journal    of    Teacher    Education, 43(3), 93–108.
  18. Carpio, L. P. D., Cayabyab, H.  T. F., & Te, D. M. I. T.  (2021).  Determining  the  Implementa-tion Status of Benefits Under Magna Carta of Public Health Workers (RA 7305) in the Philippines.     Acta     Medica     Philippina, 55(1).
  19. Chaisriya,  K.,  Gilbert,  L.,  &  Kaeophanuek,  S. (2023).  The  effects  of  integrating  digital ET Eugenio, 2025/The Professional and Personal Development of Private and Public Senior High School TeachersIJMABER 4139Volume 6| Number 8| August | 2025storytelling with metacognition strategies (DSTMC) learning model to enhance com-munication abilities. Contemporary Educational    Technology, 15(2),    ep416.
  20. Chalikias, M., Sidiropoulos, G., L Kyriakopoulos, G.,    Zakopoulos,    V.,    &    Raftopoulou,    I. (2020). The school principal’s role as a leader in teachers’ professional develop-ment: the case of public secondary educa-tion in Athens. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(4), 461–474.
  21. Chien,  S.-C.  (2019).  Toward  an  understanding of high school in-service English teachers’ identities  in  their  professional  develop-ment.    Asia    Pacific    Education    Review, 20(3), 391–405.
  22. , P., Veríssimo, L., Carneiro, A., & Duarte, R. (2024). The role  of  socio-emotional secu-rity  on  school  engagement  and  academic achievement:   systematic   literature   re-view. Frontiers in Education, 9.
  23. Ellorin,  F.  N.,  Anselmo,  M.  C.  C.,  Garcilian,  R.  B., &  Anselmo,  C.  T.  (2024).  EXPLORING  ED-UCATORS'   AND   STUDENTS'   PERSPEC-TIVES ON PEDAGOGICALINNOVA-TIONSANDTECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN  THE  MODERN  CLASSROOM.  Ignatian International   Journal   for   Multidiscipli-nary Research, 2(7), 607–635.
  24. Even-Zahav,   A.,   Widder,   M.,   &   Hazzan,   O. (2022).  From  teacher  professional  devel-opment  to  teacher  personal-professional growth: the case of expert STEM teachers. Teacher   Development, 26(3),   299–316.
  25. Fitriati,  F.,  H  Iksan,  Z.,  &  Rosli,  R.  (2023).  En-hancing  prospective  mathematics  teach-ers’ lesson planning skills through lesson study  within  school  university  partner-ship   program.   Journal   on   Mathematics Education, 14(1), 69–84.
  26. Gaitas, S., Sarabando, T., Alves, C., Martins, M. A., Leite,  G.,  &  Laranjeira,  R.  (2024).  Teacher instructional  arrangements  for  support-ing social and academic needs of students with  special  educational  needs  in  regular classrooms. European  Journal  of  Special Needs Education, 40(3), 473–488.
  27. Gunersel, A. B., Mason, B. A., Wills, H. P., Caldar-ella,   P.,   Williams,   L.,   &   Henley,   V.   M. (2023).  Effective  Classroom  Management in   Middle   Level   Schools:   A   Qualitative Study    of    Teacher    Perceptions. RMLE Online, 46(8), 1–13.
  28. Gyurova,  V.  (2020).  The  place  of  research  and creative  skills  in  the  training  of  future teachers.  Education  &  Self  Develop-ment, 15(3), 120–129.
  29. Habibi,  A.,  Marzulina,  L.,  Sofwan,  M.,  Sirozi,  M., Najwan, J., Haswindy, S., Harto, K., & Muk-minin, A. (2018).  Investigating EFL Class-room  Management  in  Pesantren:  A  Case Study. The    Qualitative    Report, 23(9).
  30. Hägg, G., & Gabrielsson, J. (2019).  A systematic literature review of the evolution of peda-gogy   in   entrepreneurial   education   re-search. International  Journal  of  Entrepre-neurial  Behavior  &  Research, 26(5), 829–861. 
  31. Hernández-Ramos,  J.  P.,  &  Martínez-Abad,  F. (2023). Professional Development among Secondary Teachers in Spain: Key Associ-ated Factors as of PISA 2018. Journal of In-telligence, 11(5), 93.
  32. Hujjatusnaini,  N.,  Corebima,  A.  D.,  Gofur,  A.,  & Prawiro,   S.   R.   (2022).   The   Effect   of Blended    Project-based    Learning    Inte-grated  with  21st-Century  Skills  on  Pre-Service  Biology  Teachers’  Higher-order
  33. Itoi,  K.  (2024).  Fostering  Inclusive  Learning and  21st-Century  Skills:  Creating Translanguaging    Spaces    in    University Content  and  Language  Integrated  Learn-ing  Courses.  International  Journal  of  Ap-plied Linguistics.
  34. Joong,  Y.  H.  P.,  Reganit,  A.  R.,  Mangali,  G.,  & Swan,  B.  (2019).  Understanding  the  Ecol-ogies  of  Education  Reforms:  Comparing the  Perceptions  of  Secondary  Teachers and  Students  in  the  Philippines.  Interna-tional   Journal   of   Educational   Reform, 28(3), 278–302.https://doi.org/10.1177/1056787919857257
  35. Joseph,  J.,  Raper,  S.  E.,  &  Sicoutris,  C.  (2018). Communication  Skills  Training  for  Surgi-cal Inpatient Advanced Practice Providers in an Academic Health-Care System. Jour-nal   of   Patient   Experience, 7(1),   42–48.
  36. Juta, A., & Van Wyk, C. (2020). Classroom Man-agement  as  a  Response  to  Challenges  in Mathematics Education: Experiences from  a  Province  in  South  Africa. African Journal  of  Research  in  Mathematics,  Sci-ence and Technology Education, 24(1), 21–30.
  37. Kang,  J.  (2020).  Interrelationship  Between  In-quiry-Based  Learning  and  Instructional Quality in Predicting Science Literacy. Re-search  in  Science  Education,  52(1),  339–355.
  38. Kartal, B. (2020). Pre-service Science and Math-ematics Teachers’ Teaching Efficacy Be-liefs  and  Attitudes  toward  Teaching:  A Partial  Correlation  Research.  Australian Journal  of  Teacher  Education,  45(9),  42–61.
  39. Kelly,  N.,  Robertson,  A.,  Dawes,  L.,  Kerr,  J.,  & Wright,  N.  (2019).  Co-design  for  Curricu-lum  Planning:  A  Model  for  Professional Development  for  High  School  Teachers. Australian  Journal  of  Teacher  Education, 44(7), 84–107.
  40. Kim,  L.  E.,  Jörg,  V.,  &  Klassen,  R.  M.  (2019).  A Meta-Analysis  of  the  Effects  of  Teacher Personality  on  Teacher  Effectiveness  and Burnout. Educational  Psychology  Review, 31(1), 163–195.
  41. Kincade, L., Goerdt, A., & Cook, C. (2020). Meta-Analysis  and  Common  Practice  Elements of   Universal   Approaches   to   Improving Student-Teacher Relationships. Review of Educational   Research,   90(5),   710–748.
  42. Kırkıç, K. A., & Çetinkaya, F. (2020). The rela-tionship between preschool teachers’ self-efficacy  beliefs  and  their  teaching  atti-tudes. International Journal of Evaluation and  Research  in  Education  (IJERE),  9(4), 807.
  43. Kokkinou,  E.,  &  Kyriakides,  L.  (2022).  Investi-gating  differential  teacher  effectiveness: searching for the impact of classroom con-text   factors.   School   Effectiveness   and School   Improvement,   33(3),   403–430.
  44. König,  J.,  Krepf,  M.,  Bremerich-Vos,  A.,  &  Buch-holtz,  C.  (2021).  Meeting  Cognitive  De-mands  of  Lesson  Planning:  Introducing the  CODE-PLAN  Model  to  Describe  and Analyze Teachers’ Planning Competence. The  Teacher  Educator,  56(4),  466–487.
  45. Li, M. (2024). Exploring the digital divide in pri-mary  education:  A  comparative  study  of urban  and  rural  mathematics  teachers’ TPACK  and  attitudes  towards  technology integration  in  post-pandemic  China.  Edu-cation    and    Information    Technologies,
  46. Liu,  X.,  Hansen,  K.  Y.,  Valcke,  M.,  &  De  Neve,  J. (2024).  A  decade  of  PISA:  student  per-ceived  instructional  quality  and  mathe-matics    achievement    across    European countries. ZDM –Mathematics Education, 56(5), 859–891.
  47. Lutz, C., Bouwens, A., & Van Goch, M. M. (2023). College Classroom Diversity as a Source of Scholarly  Learning  for  Teachers. College Teaching, 73(2), 1–9.
  48. Magallanes, K., Lee, S., & Chung, J. Y. (2022). The Philippine  Teachers  Concerns  on  Educa-tional Reform Using Concern Based Adop-tion   Model.   Frontiers   in   Education,   7.
  49. Magro, S. W., Roisman, G. I., Nivison, M. D., & En-glund,  M.  M.  (2022).  The  quality  of  early caregiving  and  teacher-student  relation-ships  in  grade  school  independently  pre-dict adolescent academic achievement. In-ternational  Journal  of  Behavioral  Devel-opment,47(2), 158–168.
  50. Mantei,    J.,    &    Kervin,    L.    (2020).    Teacher knowledge  and  student  learning:  An  ex-amination  of  teacher  pedagogies  for  the same writing topic across two consecutive grades.  The   Australian  Journal  of  Lan-guage    and    Literacy,    43(3),    224–234.
  51. Martin,  B.  A.  (2021).  Teachers  Perceptions  of Google  Classroom:  Revealing  Urgency  for Teacher  Professional  Learning.  Canadian Journal    of    Learning    and    Technology, 47(1).
  52. Morales,  M.  P.,  Masangcay,  D.,  Butron,  B.,  Lau-reano, R., Avilla, R., & Ayuste, T. O. (2021). Technology  Integration  Traditions,  Tran-sitions,  and  Best  Practices  in  Philippine Higher    STEAM    Education.    Philippine Journal of Science, 150(5).
  53. Moreira,  P.,  &  Talanquer,  V.  (2024).  Exploring relationships that college instructors seek to build with intention in chemistry class-rooms. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 25(1), 225–241.
  54. Nagro,  S.  A.,  Kennedy,  M.  J.,  &  Hirsch,  S.  E. (2020). A Self-Led Approach to Improving Classroom  Management  Practices  Using Video   Analysis. TEACHING   Exceptional Children, 53(1), 24–32.
  55. Nketsia,  W.,  Opoku,  M.  P.,  Mprah,  W.  K.,  &  Am-ponteng,  M.  (2024).  Exploring  the  per-ceived  knowledge  of  teacher  educators and pre-service teachers on the differenti-ated  instruction  practices  of  teacher  edu-cators. Frontiers in Education, 9.
  56. Ntsanwisi,  S.  (2024).  Bridging  Gaps  in  STEM Education: The Case  for Dedicated Learn-ing  Centres  in  South  African  Townships and   Rural   Areas.   European   Journal   of STEM Education, 9(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/15481O’ Dwyer, A. (2018). An Insight Into How a Con-structivist Professional Development Pro-gram  Can  Influence  Practice  in  Six  High School  Chemistry  Classrooms.  Journal  of Science  Teacher  Education,  29(5),  353–377.
  57. Obispo, R. T., Tindowen, D. J. C., & Magulod, G. C. (2021).  Teachers’  Classroom  Manage-ment   Styles   and   Student-Teacher   Con-nectedness    and    Anxiety. International Journal  of  Learning,  Teaching  and  Educa-tional Research, 20(5), 123–141.
  58. Otten, C., Nash, R.,  & Patterson, K. (2022). Pro-fessional  development  in  health  educa-tion  for  primary  school  teachers:  A  sys-tematised review of the literature. Profes-sional  Development  in  Education, 50(5), 809–831.
  59. Rasooli,  A. (2023). Digital Module 33: Fairness in   Classroom   Assessment:   Dimensions and  Tensions. Educational  Measurement: Issues and Practice, 42(3), 82–83.
  60. Ramberg,   J.,   Låftman,   S.   B.,   Modin,   B.,   & Almquist,  Y.  B.  (2018).  School  effective-ness and students’ perceptions of teacher caring:   A   multilevel   study.   Improving Schools, 22(1), 55–71.
  61. Ransom, J. C. (2019). Love, Trust, and  Camara-derie: Teachers’ Perspectives of Care in an Urban  High  School.  Education  and  Urban Society, 52(6), 904–926.
  62. Reddy,  L.  A.,  Hua,  A.,  Kettler,  R.,  Dudek,  C.,  & Lekwa,  A.  (2020).  Evaluation  of  Teacher Practices   and   Student   Achievement   in High-Poverty   Schools.   Journal   of   Psy-choeducational  Assessment,  38(7),  816–830.
  63. Santaolalla, E., Martín, O., Urosa, B., Verde, A., & Díaz,    T.    (2020).    Interdisciplinarity    in Teacher  Education:  Evaluation  of  the  Ef-fectiveness  of  an  Educational  Innovation Project.    Sustainability,    12(17),    6748.
  64. Sarra, C., Bray, J., Jackson, C., Spillman, D., & Da-vis, J. (2020). High-Expectations Relation-ships: A Foundation for Enacting High Ex-pectations  in  all  Australian  Schools.  The Australian  Journal  of  Indigenous  Educa-tion, 49(1), 32–45.
  65. Shodipe, O. T., & Ogbuanya, C. T. (2024). Build-ing aspiring teachers’ capabilities, profes-sional  and  skill  development:  Auspice  to quality  teaching  practice  in  technical  vo-cational  education  and  training  institu-tions.   European   Journal   of   Education, 59(3).
  66. Siddiqua,  A.  (2019).  Classroom  Observation  as a   Tool   for   Professional   Development. World  Journal  of  English  Language,  9(1), 49.
  67. Simel Pranjić, S. (2021). Development of a car-ing     teacher-student     realationship     in higher   education.   Journal   of   Education Culture    and    Society,    12(1),    151–163.
  68. Smith, P., Nigam, A., Finch, B., Karkar, T., & Var-ner,  J.  (2020).  Making  Visible  Awareness in Practice: Literacy Educators in Diverse Classrooms. Review   of   Education, 8(2), 380–415.
  69. Stevenson,  N.  A.,  Vanlone,  J.,  &  Barber,  B.  R. (2020).  A  Commentary  on  the  Misalign-ment  of  Teacher  Education  and  the  Need for    Classroom    Behavior    Management Skills. Education  &  Treatment  of  Children, 43(4), 393–404.
  70. Szabo, Z. K., Szabo, D., Körtesi, P., Guncaga, J., & Neag,  R.  (2020).  Examples  of  Problem-Solving  Strategies  in  Mathematics  Educa-tion Supporting the Sustainability of 21st-Century    Skills.    Sustainability,    12(23), 10113.
  71. Tarrayo, V. N.,  Hernandez, P. J. S., &  Claustro, J. M.  A.  S.  (2019).  Teachers  And  Research Practices: Perspectives From English Lan-guage  Educators  In  A  Philippine  Univer-sity. Australian Journal of Teacher Educa-tion, 45(12), 73–90.
  72. Tekin, O. (2023). The mediating role of teacher self-efficacy  in  predicting  teachers’  re-search  attitudes.  Teacher  Development, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print),  314–332.
  73. Tian,  S.  (2023).  Research  on  the  Quality  Man-agement System of Classroom Teaching in Higher    Vocational    Education.    Interna-tional  Journal  of  Information  and  Educa-tion Technology, 13(6), 969–974.
  74. Toman, G., & Maag, J. W. (2024). A Survey of Ru-ral  Special  Education  Teachers’  Profes-sional   Development   Experiences.   Rural Special  Education  Quarterly,  43(3),  150–160.
  75. Tsujimoto,  H.,  Kataoka,  Y.,  Akazawa,  M.,  Ku-masawa,  J.,  Kagawa,  T.,  Imura,  H.,  Fuji-wara, T., Nagano, H., Banno, M., Hozumi, T., So,  R.,  Ohtake,  Y.,  Sumi,  Y.,  Yoshioka,  T., Sada,  R.,  Matsuda,  Y.,  Uneno,  Y.,  Tsujino-Tsujimoto,  E.,  Sato,  Y.,  &  Tsujimoto,  Y. (2021).  A  model  six-month  workshop  for developing systematic review protocols at teaching  hospitals:  action  research  and scholarly  productivity. BMC  Medical  Edu-cation, 21(1).
  76. Tulo, N. B., & Lee, J. (2022). Continuing Profes-sional Development of the Teacher Educa-tion  Faculty  among  Philippine  State  Uni-versities and Colleges. International Jour-nal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(6), 324–344.
  77. Upadhyay,  B.,  &  Sadykova,  S.  (2024).  Building Science  Teacher  Leaders  for  Indigenous Schools:  Lessons  from  a  Science  Profes-sional  Development  Workshop  in  Nepal. Education Sciences, 14(9), 964.
  78. Van Dijk, W., Gage, N. A., & Grasley-Boy, N. (2019).  The  relation  between  classroom management  and  mathematics  achieve-ment:   A   multilevel   structural   equation model. Psychology  in  the  Schools, 56(7), 1173–1186.
  79. Vantieghem, W., Schelfhout, W., Van Avermaet, P.,  Goosen,  K.,  &  Roose,  I.  (2023).  Educa-tion for all in action: Measuring teachers’ competences    for    inclusive    education. PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0291033.
  80. Vecaldo,  R.,  Asuncion,  J.  E.,  &  Ulla,  M.  (2019). From  Writing  to  Presenting  and  Publish-ing Research Articles: Experiences of Phil-ippine   Education   Faculty-Researchers*. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(81), 1–18.
  81. Wang,  L.  (2022).  Exploring  the  Relationship Among   Teacher   Emotional   Intelligence, Work  Engagement,  Teacher  Self-Efficacy, and   Student   Academic   Achievement:   A Moderated  Mediation  Model.  Frontiers  in Psychology, 12.
  82. Wang,  Z.,  &  Yuan,  L.  (2024).  Teacher–student relationships   and   student   engagement: The mediating effect of peer relationships. Social Behavior and Personality: An Inter-national  Journal,  52(5),  13104E-13111E.
  83. Wood, W., Hossein Zadeh Maleki, A., Mccollum, J., Riesenberg, L. A., Vetter, I. L., Kukreja, P., &  Morgan,  C.  J.  (2018).  Graduate  medical education scholarly activities initiatives: a systematic    review    and    meta-analysis. BMC Medical Education, 18(1).
  84. Yang, Y., Liu, X., & Gardella, J. A. (2018). Effects of  Professional  Development  on  Teacher Pedagogical  Content  Knowledge,  Inquiry Teaching  Practices,  and  Student  Under-standing    of    Interdisciplinary    Science. Journal   of   Science   Teacher   Education, 29(4), 263–282.
  85. Zaragoza, A., Seidel, T., & Hiebert, J. (2021). Ex-ploring  preservice teachers’ abilities to connect professional knowledge with les-son  planning  and  observation.  European Journal of Teacher Education, 47(1), 120–139.
  86. Zhao, J., Yao, X., & Zhang, L. (2023). Developing and   Validating   a   Scale   for   University Teacher’s  Caring  Behavior  in  Online Teaching. Education Sciences,  13(3), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030300
  87. Zimmerman    Nilsson,    M.-H.,    &    Nilsson,    P. (2019).  From  Pedagogical  Knowledge  to Pedagogical  Content  Knowledge:  Devel-opment  in  Mentor  and  Student-Teacher Group  Conversations.  International  Jour-nal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18(10), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.10.15